Journal Articles​
8. Wenjing Kang*, Xing Pei*, Cory Rusinek, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Determination of Lead with Copper-Based Electrochemical Sensor”, Anal. Chem., 89 (6), 3345–3352, 2017 (*contributed equally) Link to article
This work demonstrates determination of lead (Pb) in surface water samples using a low-cost copper (Cu)-based electrochemical sensor. Our copper-based sensor features a low-cost electrode material—copper—that offers simple fabrication and competitive performance in electrochemical detection. For anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) of Pb, our sensor shows 21 nM (4.4 ppb) limit of detection, resistance to interfering metals such as cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn), and stable response in natural water samples with minimum sample pretreatment.
3. Xing Pei, Wenjing Kang, Wei Yue, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Improving Reproducibility of Lab-on-a-Chip Sensor with Bismuth Working Electrode for Determining Zn in Serum by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry”, J Electrochem. Soc., 161, 2, B3160-B3166, 2014 Link to article
This work reports on the continuing development of a lab-on-a-chip electrochemical sensor for determination of zinc in blood serum using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. By optimizing bismuth film deposition and better control of the fabrication process, repeatability of the sensor was improved, reducing variability from 42% to <2%. Through optimization of electrolyte and stripping voltammetry parameters, limit of detection was greatly improved to 60 nM. The optimized sensor was also able to measure zinc in the extracted blood serum.
4. Wenjing Kang§, Xing Pei§, Wei Yue, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Disposable Copper-Based Electrochemical Sensor for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry”, Anal. Chem., 86, 4893−4900, 2014 (§contributed equally) Link to article
In this work, we report the first copper-based point-of-care sensor for electrochemical measurements demonstrated by zinc determination in blood serum. Our sensor features a new low-cost electrode material, copper, which offers simple fabrication and compatibility with microfabrication and PCB processing, while maintaining competitive performance in electrochemical detection. Anodic stripping voltammetry of zinc using our new copper-based sensors exhibited a 140 nM (9.0 ppb) limit of detection (calculated) and sensitivity greater than 1 μA/μM in the acetate buffer. The sensor was also able to determine zinc in a bovine serum extract, and the results were verified with independent sensor measurements.
5. Wenjing Kang, Xing Pei, Adam Bange, Erin N. Haynes, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Copper-Based Electrochemical Sensor with Palladium Electrode for Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry of Manganese”, Anal. Chem., 86, 12070−12077, 2014 Link to article
In this work, we report on the development of a palladium-based, microfabricated point-of-care electrochemical sensor for the determination of manganese using square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry. Our sensor uses palladium working and auxiliary electrodes and integrates them with a copper-based reference electrode, while maintaining competitive performance in electrochemical detection. Cathodic stripping voltammetry of manganese using our new disposable palladium-based sensors exhibited 334 nM (18.3 ppb) limit of detection in borate buffer.
6. Cory Rusinek, Adam Bange, Mercedes Warren, Wenjing Kang, Keaton Nahan, Ian Papautsky, William Heineman, "Bare and Polymer-Coated Indium Tin Oxide as Working Electrodes for Manganese Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry", Anal. Chem., 88 (8), 4221–4228, 2016 Link to article
We demonstrate Mn CSV using an indium tin oxide (ITO) working electrode both bare and coated with a sulfonated charge selective polymer film, polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene-sulfonate (SSEBS). ITO itself proved to be an excellent electrode material for Mn CSV, achieving a calculated detection limit of 5 nM (0.3 ppb) with a deposition time of 3 min. Coating the ITO with the SSEBS polymer was found to increase the sensitivity and lower the detection limit to 1 nM (0.06 ppb).
7. Wenjing Kang, Cory Rusinek, Adam Bange, Erin Haynes, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Determination of manganese using cathodic stripping voltammetry on a platinum thin-film electrode” Electroanalysis, 29, 686–695, 2017 (front cover) Link to article
In this work, we report on the determination of trace manganese (Mn) using cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) using a microfabricated sensor with a Pt thin film working electrode. The analytical performance metrics were characterized and optimized, leading to a calculated limit of detection (LOD) of 16.3 nM (0.9 ppb) in pH 5.5, 0.2 M acetate buffer. We successfully validated Mn determination in surface water with ~90% accuracy and >97% precision as compared with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) "gold standard" measurement.
9. Cory A. Rusinek, Wenjing Kang, Keaton Nahan, Megan Hawkins, Cooper Quartermaine, Angela Stastny, Adam Bange, Ian Papautsky, William R. Heineman, “Determination of Manganese in Whole Blood by Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry with Indium Tin Oxide”, Electroanalysis, 29, 1850 – 1853, 2017 Link to article
We have established Mn CSV using indium tin oxide (ITO) as the working electrode for the determination of Mn in bovine whole blood after an acid digestion. Reliable, accurate, and precise results were obtained, as only 9 % variation in the digested blood was observed. The CSV results were compared with graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS) and inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and favorable agreement across the methods was observed.
10. Wenjing Kang, Saheli Sarkar, Zhi Shen Lin, Seamus McKenney, and Tania Konry, “Ultra-fast parallelized microfluidic platform for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of gram positive and negative bacteria”, Anal. Chem. (DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00939) Link to article
11. Saheli Sarkar, Wenjing Kang, Songyao Jiang, Kunpeng Li, Somak Ray, Ed Luther, Alexander R. Ivanov, Yun Fu and Tania Konry, “Machine learning-aided quantification of antibody-based cancer immunotherapy by natural killer cells in microfluidic droplets”, Lab Chip, 2020, 20, 2317-2327
This paper describes a microfluidic droplet-based cytotoxicity assay for quantitative
comparison of immunotherapeutic NK-92 cell interaction with various types of target cells. Machine
learning algorithms were developed to assess the dynamics of individual effector-target cell pair
conjugation and target death in droplets in a semi-automated manner.
12. Matthew Ryan Sullivan, Giovanni Stefano Ugolini, Saheli Sarkar, Wenjing Kang, Evan Carlton Smith,
Seamus Mckenney and Tania Konry, “Quantifying the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors on CD8+ cytotoxic T cells for immunotherapeutic applications via single-cell interaction”, Cell Death and Disease, 2020, 11:979
Here, we explore the effect on cellular interactions of TSR-042 and TSR-033 alone and in combination at the single-cell level. Utilizing our droplet microfluidic platform, we use time-lapse microscopy to observe the effects of these antibodies on calcium flux in CD8+ T cells upon antigen presentation, as well as their effect on the cytotoxic potential of CD8+ T cells on human breast cancer cells. This platform allowed us to investigate the interactions between these treatments and their impacts on T-cell activity in greater detail than previously applied in vitro tests. The novel parameters we were able to observe included effects on the exact time to target cell killing, contact times, and potential for serial-killing by CD8+ T cells.
2. Wenjing Kang, Xing Pei, Wei Yue, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Lab-on-a-Chip Sensor with Evaporated Bismuth Film Electrode for Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Zinc”, Electroanalysis, 25, No. 12, 2586-2594, 2013 Link to article
In this work, we report on the development of a lab-on-a-chip electrochemical sensor that uses an evaporated bismuth electrode to detect zinc using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The sensor exhibits a linear response in 0.1 M acetate buffer at pH 6 with zinc concentrations in the 1–30 μM range and a calculated detection limit of 60 nM. The sensor successfully detected zinc in a bovine serum extract and the results were confirmed by independent AAS measurements.
1. Preetha Jothimuthu, Robert A. Wilson, Josi Herren, Xing Pei, Wenjing Kang, Rodney Daniels, Hector Wong,Fred Beyette, William R. Heineman, Ian Papautsky, “Zinc Detection in Serum by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry on Microfabricated Bismuth Electrodes”, Electroanalysis, 25, No. 2, 401–407, 2013 Link to article
This work reports on detection of Zn by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) on bismuth electrodes in a microfabricated electrochemical cell. The working potential window of the electrodeposited bismuth film electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, while square wave ASV was used for measuring Zn in acetate buffer and blood serum. The sensor was successfully calibrated with pH 6 acetate buffer in the physiologically-relevant range of 5 µM to 50 µM Zn and exhibited well-defined and highly repeatable peaks. The sensor was used to demonstrate measurement of Zn in blood serum digested in HCl.
Conference proceedings
8. Wenjing Kang, Xing Pei, Adam Bange, Erin Haynes, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “USB-Type point-of-care Sensor for Stripping Analysis of Trace Metals”, 17th MicroTAS Conference, Freiburg, Germany, Oct 27-31, 2013
7. Wenjing Kang, Wei Yue, Xing Pei, Adam Bange, Erin Haynes, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Palladium-based sensor for electrochemical detection of manganese in the environment”, Transducers’ 2013, Barcelona, Spain, Jun 16-20, 2013
6. Xing Pei, Wenjing Kang, Wei Yue, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Disposable Copper-Based Electrochemical Microsensor for Analysis Of Lead In Environmental Samples”, Transducers’ 2013, Barcelona, Spain, Jun 16-20, 2013
5. Xing Pei, Wenjing Kang, Wei Yue, Adam Bange, Hector R. Wong, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Copper-based sensor for point-of-care measurement of zinc in serum”, 16th MicroTAS Conference, Okinawa, Japan, Oct 28-Nov 1, 2012, pp. 764-766
4. Xing Pei, Wenjing Kang, Wei Yue, Adam Bange, Hector R. Wong, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Lab-on-a-chip sensor for measuring Zn by stripping voltammetry”, SPIE Photonics West, San Francisco, CA, Jan 21-26, 2012
3. Kang Wenjing, Yu Kai, Yu Guoyi*, and Zou Xuecheng, "Novel Security Strategies for SRAM in Powered-off State to Resist Physical Attack", 12th International Symposium on Integrated Circuit (ISIC2009), Dec 14-16, 2009
2. Yingyan Lin, Wenjing Kang, Xiaofei Chen*, Jing Zhang, Xuecheng Zou, "A Novel 1.2 Gbps LVDS Receiver for Multi-channel Applications", ISIC2009, 14-16 December, 2009
1 Yingyan Lin, Xuecheng Zou, Zhaoxiao Zheng*, Wenjie Huo, Xiaofei Chen, Wenjing Kang, "High-speed, Low Switching Noise and Load Adaptive Output Buffer", ISIC2009, 14-16 December, 2009
Conference presentations
8. Wenjing Kang, Cory Rusinek, Adam Bange, Erin Haynes, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Platinum Microscale Sensor for Electrochemical Determination of Manganese”, 230th ECS Meeting, Honolulu, HI, Oct 2-7, 2016
7. Wenjing Kang, Cory A Rusinek, Adam Bange, Erin Haynes, William R Heineman, Ian Papautsky, “Determination of Manganese Using Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry on a Platinum Electrode” (oral presentation), Pittcon Conference & Expo, Atlanta, GA, Mar 6-10, 2016
6. Wenjing Kang, Xing Pei, Adam Bange, Erin Haynes, William R. Heineman, Ian Papautsky, “Point-of-Care Sensor with Interdigitated Array Electrodes for Lead Determination” (oral presentation), 227th ECS Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 24-28, 2015
5 Xiao Wang, Wenjing Kang, Ian Papautsky, “A paper-based reagent storage approach for point-of-care electrochemical sensing”, 227th ECS Meeting, Chicago, IL, May 24-28, 2015
4. Wenjing Kang, Xing Pei, Cory Rusinek, Adam Bange, Erin N. Haynes, William R. Heineman, Ian Papautsky “Electrochemical Sensors for Point-of-Care Metal Determination”, IEEE Micro and Nanotechnology in Medicine Conference (EMBS), Oahu, HI, Dec 8-12, 2014
3. Wenjing Kang, Xing Pei, Cory Rusinek, Erin Haynes, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, and Ian Papautsky, “Development of a Point-of-Care Senor for Determination of Lead and Manganese”, 8th Conference on Metal Toxicity & Carcinogenesis, Albuquerque, NM, Oct 26-29, 2014
2. Xing Pei, Wenjing Kang, Erin Haynes, Adam Bange, William R. Heineman, Ian Papautsky, “Electrochemical Sensors for Point-of-Care Measurements of Metals” (oral presentation), 224th ECS Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Oct 27-Nov 1, 2013
1. Kang Wenjing, Yu Kai, Yu Guoyi*, and Zou Xuecheng, "Novel Security Strategies for SRAM in Powered-off State to Resist Physical Attack" (oral presentation), 12th International Symposium on Integrated Circuit (ISIC2009), Dec 14-16, 2009